The Differences Of Individualism And Collectivism Commerce Essay Example For Students

The Differences Of Individualism And Collectivism Commerce Essay Individuality and Bolshevism characterise opposite terminals of a wide continuum.According to Hofstede Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between persons are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate household . Therefore individuality refers to the frame of head in which an person is governed by the demand to protect oneself. Collectivism as its opposite pertains to societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive cliques, which throughout people s life-time continue to protect them in exchange of unquestioning trueness . We will write a custom essay on The Differences Of Individualism And Collectivism Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Cindy Harpster illustrates that the importance of independency and single accomplishment is one of the most typical traits of the US civilization. This sense of individualism can be one of the largest barriers when carry oning concern in a foreign state. In order to find whether the US is an individualistic civilization, it is of import to familiarize oneself with the features synonymous with the individualistic civilization. In individualistic civilizations people are normally considered ego centred and sympathize with their ain ends. In add-on, like Westerners, they tend to utilize direct manners and clear methodological analysiss of communicating. Non-westerners prefer to talk indirectly and courteously pass their sentiment across through illations. In contrast, group accomplishment, group harmoniousness and salvaging face are supremely of import than single accomplishment in Asiatic civilizations. For illustration Australian s tend to carry on their private lives independently, v aluing single accomplishment, achievements, publicities and wealth, above group ends. On the other manus states such as China and Japan are more we witting, and the group is the basic edifice block of societal life and work. Furthermore another manner in which the individualistic trait can impede with international concern achievement is when directors have unrealistic outlooks of their employees. In the US, micro-managing is a term used to depict the action of exerting inordinate and unneeded control over the minimum item on other people s activities . This over-bearing direction manner is contemptuous and violative and can make a sense of bitterness and deficiency of trust in workers intelligence and capablenesss, particularly in Fieldss where squad members have a high grade of professional and proficient expertness. It is more common for directors in the US and Australia to inquire their squad members how long it will take them to finish a undertaking, where as in other civilizations such as China or Thailand, directors are expected to order agendas and stairss of action. Outline1 HOFSTEDES 5 CULTURAL DIMENSIONS2 Decision3 Culture and barriers it creates in international concern4 by Cindy Harpster HOFSTEDES 5 CULTURAL DIMENSIONS In order to work overseas, directors must see and research the assorted cultural dimensions if they are to thrive abroad. Several surveies have been completed that comparison civilizations. One of the most admired is the Geert Hofstedes Cultural dimension theoretical account. His theoretical account aims to develop a model for understanding how basic values motivate organisational behavior. He proposes five value dimensions by which to place national and regional cultural differences: those of power distance, uncertainness turning away, individuality, maleness and long term orientation. The first of these value dimensions is power distance which focuses on the grade to which a civilization believes how institutional and organizational power should be distributed ( every bit or unevenly ) and how the determinations of the power holders should be viewed ( challenged or accepted ) . In states such as Asia people accept high power distance, formal places in the hierarchy are respected, where as in Australia where people display low power distance, officers tend to harmonize each other with common regard. In other words, in all societies some inequalities of power are acknowledged in all administrations, nevertheless, the grade of these power distributions seems to be communally determined. The 2nd value dimension uncertainness turning away focuses on the degree of tolerance for uncertainness and ambiguity within a society and attempts to avoid them by set uping more constructions. All authoritiess and legal systems enforce rigorous Torahs and processs on their citizens, nevertheless in states, such as Japan, with a high degree of uncertainness, turning away regulations tend to be more specific and precise. In states with a lower degree of uncertainness turning away such as Australia and the US, company activities are less formal, less structured and directors seem to take more hazards. The hazard taking nature of the West is brooding of the 3rd Value dimension, affecting individuality and Bolshevism. The West is more accepting of hazard takers as they are a individualist society where personal achievements reflect straight on the employee, non every bit much on the squad as Eastern cultures. The effects of that hazard do non impact the repute of the group to the same e xtent as collectivized civilization. An person is responsible for their ain actions, as opposed to a group being responsible for a members actions. .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c , .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c .postImageUrl , .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c , .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c:hover , .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c:visited , .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c:active { border:0!important; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c:active , .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucc1402ddc80e3afec9995e11d9b77c3c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1984 9 EssayThe 3rd value dimension individuality vs. Bolshevism describes the degree to which a civilization relies on and has commitment to the ego or the group . In Countries that value individuality, such as Australia and America, people extremely value single enterprise and accomplishment. As the article states From our schools to our council chambers, persons compete with each other to be the best. . in continuance, it is highlighted that the West has attempted to emphasize the importance of group coaction through modern instruction and concern there is still great accent on the single through public presentation reappraisals and rating still given as individuals.O n the other manus states such as China, the accent is on the strength of the household. There are clear benefits of both Individual and Collectivist cultural orientations. Individuality hold the single accountable for their ain actions, and issues such as a group member non lending are minimised. However the sense of accomplishment as a squad, such as in Chinese concern is brooding of the strong household outlook. Working towards a common end promotes stronger peer engagement and heightens the sense of organizational civilization which leads to the ends of the administration going the end of the employee s at big. In this sense the Administration is seen as being like a household, reflective of the cultural values of society. The 4th value dimension maleness vs. muliebrity indicates the grade to which a civilization values such behaviors as assertiveness, accomplishment, acquisition of wealth or caring for others, societal supports and the quality of life . A extremely masculine society such as Australia and the US, experience a high grade of gender distinction. In these civilizations males dominate a important section of the society and power construction, with females being controlled by male domination. Traditionally adult females were non expected to work outdoors place when they were married, and those who did dishonor their hubbies. A low masculine ranking indicates the state has a low degree of distinction and favoritism between genders. In these civilizations, females are treated every bit to males in all facets of the society. Geert Hofstedes 5th value dimension, which is based on Confucian dynamism, is long term orientation vs. short term orientation. Valuess associated with long term orientation are thrift and doggedness as in China, nevertheless short term orientation is described as being more societal, mercenary and ego centred which is likened to Australia and the US. Research suggests that both the positively and negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the instructions of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500BC. Decision As illustrated above, the article ; Culture and barriers it creates in international concern lends itself rather strongly to Hofstedes theory. The article in inquiry rather clearly demonstrates the importance of direction s ability to understand subdivisions of theory such as Individualism vs. Collectivism to account for the huge cultural differences, particularly evident between the US and Asiatic states. It can be seen within these different theories that different civilizations normally operate under different concern and societal models, and hence have different outlooks of direction maps and concern operational processs. This article shows that understanding the different facets of theory such as Geert Hofstede s cultural dimension theoretical account can greatly increase the likeliness of successful growing when come ining into an international venture or operating within a new or different cultural clime. A deficiency of research and apprehension of new civilizations and/or markets before entry, will frequently ensue in lower degrees of concern success and in some instances, failure. Culture and barriers it creates in international concern by Cindy Harpster Each of us views the universe harmonizing to our ain cultural prejudices. Within the United States, our state is so full of differing point of views that we sometimes tend to believe that we are by and large more accepting and diverse than most other states. In world, though, there are several traits that are more-or-less cosmopolitan throughout our civilization, and they color the manner we look at the remainder of the universe, and the manner the universe views us. .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c , .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c .postImageUrl , .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c , .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c:hover , .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c:visited , .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c:active { border:0!important; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c:active , .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b20ad93c31958a6c17611c75701b57c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Racial Profiling by Police Sociology Racism Prejud EssayOne of the most typical traits of US civilization is the importance of independency and single accomplishment. From our schools to our council chambers, persons compete with each other to be the best. Although modern instruction and concern techniques have late stressed the importance of group coaction, our civilization still emphasizes the person. Raises and public presentation reappraisals are given to persons, non groups, and pupils are graded independently of their equals. This sense of individualism can be one of the biggest barriers when making concern overseas. In many civilizations other than the US or Western Europe, group accomplishment and group harmoniousness is much more of import than single accomplishment. Singling out an employee for an accomplishment might be a great incentive in the US as the remainder of the squad strives to achieve the same wages, but in Asia it could be black to group kineticss. In most Asiatic civilizations being a harmonious portion of the group is far more of import than standing out from the crowd. Being recognized for personal accomplishment can even be seen as black, as it is viewed as seting personal ends in front of those of the squad. The US exile assigned to an abroad assignment might happen themselves discouraged when advanced thoughts are nt praised or if recognition is non attributed to their ain intelligence and success. Another manner in which this individualistic trait can interfere with international concern success is when directors have unrealistic outlooks of their workers in other civilizations because of this prejudice. In the US, micro-managing is a derogative term used to depict a director that interferes excessively much in the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operations. This over-bearing direction manner is seen as dissing to workers, particularly in Fieldss where the squad members have a high grade of professional or proficient expertness. It is more common for a director in the US to inquire their squad members to gauge how long a undertaking will take, and what the best class of action would be for success. In other civilizations, nevertheless, this insisting on independent thought by the squad members may non be well-received. In many other states, directors are expected to order agendas and stairss of action, and workers may be really uncomfortable with developing their ain work flow programs. Working in another civilization requires research to understand the cultural norms and how workplace environments differ from those in the United States. Several surveies have been done that comparison civilizations. One of the most popular is the Geert Hofstede cultural dimension theoretical account. This index of how different civilizations compare on several cardinal indexs is widely-used in international concern classs to assist exemplify regional differences in such countries as clip orientation and individuality. Understanding these indexs before get downing an international venture can greatly better the opportunity of success. Even more of import is maintaining an unfastened head, being cognizant of the prejudice that cultural influences create, and being willing to larn new techniques and behaviours for interacting with others in the workplace.

Spencer Johnson Biography Essays

Spencer Johnson Biography Essays Spencer Johnson Biography Essay Spencer Johnson Biography Essay If what I believe and do today is positive, I help create a better tomorrow!   Spencer Johnson The more important your cheese is to you, the more you want to hold on to it. About Spencer Johnson M. D. Spencer Johnson, M. D. , is one of the worlds most respected thinkers and beloved authors. His eleven international bestselling books include the #1 titles: Who Moved My Cheese? An Amazing Way to Deal with Change, the most widely read book on change, and The One Minute Manager ®, the worlds most popular management method for more than two decades, coauthored with Kenneth Blanchard. Dr. Johnson is often referred to as the best there is at taking complex subjects and presenting simple solutions that work. He received a B. A. degree in Psychology from the University of Southern California and an M. D. degree from the Royal College of Surgeons, and completed medical clerkships at the Mayo Clinic and the Harvard Medical School. He has served as Leadership Fellow at the Harvard Business School, and is currently Advisor to the Center for Public Leadership at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. His work has captured the attention of major media, including The Associated Press, the BBC, CNN, Fortune, the New York Times, the Today show, Time magazine, USA Today, and United Press International. More than forty-six million copies of Spencer Johnsons books are in print worldwide in more than forty-seven languages. Dr. Johnsons newest book, The Present, was a #1 New York Times Business Best-seller, and #1 book of the year in 2004 in South Korea with over 500,000 copies of the Korean edition in print. The New York Times Book Review, in a 2005 article on Chinese publishing, reports that Spencer Johnsons book Who Moved My Cheese? has become Chinas all time bestselling translated work with official sales of over two million copies to date. In Japan, Who Moved My Cheese? has sold over 4,500,000 copies to become the #1 bestselling book in Japans history by a non-Japanese author. Dr. Johnson earned a B. A. egree in Psychology from the University of Southern California, an M. D. degree from the Royal College of Surgeons, and medical clerkships at The Mayo Clinic and Harvard Medical School. He has served as Medical Director of Communications for Medtronic, the original innovators of cardiac pacemakers; Research Physician at the Institute for Inter-Disciplinary Studies, a medical-social think tank; Consultant to the Center for the Study of the Person, and to the School of Medicine, University of California; Leadership Fellow at the Harvard Business School and is an Advisor to Harvards Center for Public Leadership. Spencer Johnson is an M. D. who has become better known for fixing ailing corporations than healing the sick, first with his 1982 business classic  The One Minute Manager  (coauthored with psychiatrist Kenneth Blanchard) and then, unforgettably, with  Who Moved My Cheese? , a word-of-mouth sensation that eventually remained on the  New York Times  bestseller list for over two years and has been translated into 11 languages. Word had slowly built up about  Cheese, based on the strength of recommendations from heavy-hitter executives at Procter amp; Gamble, GE, Hewlett-Packard and others. Businesses, hit by the downshifting economy, began ordering copies by the thousands; by 2000, it was a national bestseller. The book sets up a story about four characters who live in a maze: Hem and Haw, who are little people; and Sniff and Scurry, who are mice. Johnson, who based the story on the fact that mice rarely go back to the same place to look for cheese and felt that humans might benefit from the example, created the story for himself as a way of helping himself get through a divorce. Urged by former writing partner Blanchard to set the story down in book form, Johnson finally did and nothing happened, at first. But over two years, the book picked up momentum, not only among companies who were trying to deal with everything from sales downturns to massive layoffs, but among individuals who found the book helped them gain a new perspective on personal situations as well. Johnson s forte is to create allegorical stories that present simple, digestible solutions (or paths to solutions) for seemingly huge challenges. The approach is far from immune to criticism from those who complain that  Who Moved My Cheese? is simplistic and silly; Johnson doesn t argue with either barb (though he might prefer simple over simplistic). His message is that being simpler and sillier makes us better adapters and decision-makers, and all of his books boil down to opening oneself to possibility and better communication. The ideas aren t revolutionary: As Johnson said in an ABC News chat, The challenge always for me and for others is to live the story and not just read about it. Author,  Professional speaker, Consultant Occupation

How does family contribute to juvenile delinquency Essay

How does family contribute to juvenile delinquency - Essay Example If all these functions, especially those of child protection and affection are neglected, this would inevitably lead to a juvenile delinquent in our midst. Structural Functionalism is the theory which focuses on society as an entity in which all of the components work together cooperatively and cohesively for the betterment of the overall society (http://ryoung001.homestead.com/AssessingTheory.html). It is said that the goal of structural functionalism is equilibrium or balance in society. As the basic unit of society, the family also has an important role to play as pertaining to this theory. The child should be nurtured and cared for, brought up in a loving environment, and given all the support and affection he/she needs. All members of the family should work for this goal. If the family cannot fulfill this function in society, then the functionalism theory can be deemed fruitless. An example of this would be if the child had no father and was being supported by a step-father. If the stepfather always yells at the child when he makes small mistakes, and gets a whipping when he commits bigger mistakes, then the child will develop inn er hatred for the stepfather, which may develop into something else later on. This will become even a bigger problem if the mother ignores the way the stepfather treats her child and even consents to it. Hence the child grows up in an unstable family environment which may lead to juvenile delinquency later on. The Conflict theory shows how conflict is the catalyst of social change and societal growth, rather than cooperation and cohesion. (http://ryoung001.homestead.com/AssessingTheory.html). This theory is said to be the opposite of Structural Functionalism and it thrives on the concept of conflict as the precursor of change. Sometimes, it is the conflict itself in the home which reinforces the possibility of social problems arising. When there

Conducting Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conducting Market - Essay Example The aim in conducting market research is to clearly establish the awareness in the consumers as well as, increase their knowledge so as to influence the decision making and perceptions towards the product presented. In this respect, the course of this study proved notably very key in its focus. Notably, the study focused completely on the product, which is space tourism. The study identified that the consumer needs to have the expected awareness, of the product. Thus, the study focused on establishing the existing awareness of the product among the consumers, then proceeded accordingly, to evaluate the market and its coverage. The study proved very enlightening to my knowledge, particularly on the existence of space tourism, which incorporates taking ride on a hot air balloon, to view the earth surface from above. This essay stresses that  in contribution to my knowledge on market research, I observe that the structure and procedure of the study is accurately focused on the target market and specially tailored to address the key factors in the market. For instance, it initiated my feelings towards preparing to participate in a space tour at a point in my life. This reflects the influence of the study on my decision making towards the product. In this respect, marketing research achieves the purpose to create awareness as well as, increase knowledge on consumers; hence, influencing their decision making towards the product offered in the market.

The Round House by Louis Erdrich Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Round House by Louis Erdrich - Essay Example The question of justice on Indian reservation as narrated by Joe the son of an Indian woman who is raped by a white man is addressed in a rather scanty manner. Justice is not well delivered with regards to the case of the raped woman. Based on the plot of the novel Edrich turns the question of justice to relate to a powerful human story. Her novel focuses on a Native American woman who is raped in the set of a sacred round house and the quest of seeking justice for this inhuman act becomes really devastating more like the crime itself (Erdrich, 22). Justice on the Indian reservations is based on primitive laws which do not regard the value of human rights regardless of the origin of the offender. Justice is disregarded and is based mainly on the culture and policy of the region without giving attention to the victim offended or even the nature of the crime with regards to the society. The Round house the vicinity where the rape ordeal takes place is located on reservation land and th is is where the tribal courts are in control. However, the suspect of the rape case is white and according to the law of the land the tribal courts are not allowed to prosecute non-native people (Erdrich, 23). According to Joe’s narration years on later when he has become apublic prosecutor, he recalls the terrifying events he had to go through after his mother was raped and trying to get justice for the crime was fruitless. Joe tries to show how the issue of crime is surrounded by many roots. Justice in this case follows the tribal traditions and therefore it has its own rules which are regarded important despite the nature of crimes committed. Edrich tries to analyse the legal system with regards to the United States system which according to her has failed to protect the rights of the Indians who are living in the reservations. There havebeen many oaths which have been broken and the decisions of justice placed on the hands of the reservation authorities. The question of j ustice based on the unfolding of the story is treated with respect to the legal black holes. It is through this approach that the laws of the society where the case took place created a platform for predators to commit crimes and later escape without being punished or prosecuted. According to the plot of the story the justice that is portrayed is that of the kind of a vigilante. There are certain attributes of justice that are escaped and hence it is clearly seen that justice on Indian reservations is disregarded or in other words there is little that a victim can do in case a crime is committed against him/her and the culprit is not from the vicinity. The Round House generally addresses the perception of justice in the North Dakota where the Indian reservations are as well as its neighbouring communities. Justice in this context is based on old crimes as well as family dramas. A lot can be stated with regards to the level of justice that was given to the Indian reservations but one thing that stands out is the fact that there was a lot of discrimination in the way justice was administered on crimes committed in the society (Nielsen & Robert, 55). Joe narrates how he had to mature faster due to the fact that he took up the quest of finding justice for his mother. His role was not easy at all since all he got from the authorities was a cold shoulder and his plight fell on deaf ears. Does the novel suggest that justice was done in this case? The novel does not suggest that justice was received for the rape case. This is due to the fact that Joe at his tender age of 13 years decided to take revenge on the man who raped his mother after investigations on the case did not seem to

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Research Validity

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Research Validity Internal, External and Construct Validity Introduction Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) has been utilized with success in students with or without learning disabilities and it is mainly attributed due to increased time concentrated on reading materials or exercises on the computer. It offers productive practice and time management and is an effective tool to used as a supplement to providing drills (Williams, Wright, Callaghan, Coughlan, 2002). Some of the advantages that the CAI provides inside the classroom include one-on-one exercise with minimal supervisory time involving the teacher. In many cases, instant feedback to students allows mistakes to be rectified immediately. Certain programs offer features that monitor speed and accuracy of answers and the regularity of instruction for subject mastery (Wong, 2008). Internal Validity Threats In a research study done by Coleman-Martin, Heller, Cihak, Irvine (2005), a slower acquisition rate score was recorded when a different Windows version (i.e., XP versus Windows 98) was used during one of the test sessions. The variation of the platform caused the PowerPoint slide presentation to run slower than the prior sessions that resulted to disrupting its timing and consistency. Computer skills, familiarity with the software programs, and prior knowledge in the question format (i.e., multiple choice) are factors to consider that might have influence the rate at which the students learned words identification (Coleman-Martin, et al., 2005, p. 90). Similarly, according to research study conducted by Fuchs, L., Fuchs, D., Hamlet, C., Powell, S., Capizzi, A., Seethaler, P. (2006) on the effects of CAI on number combination skill in at-risk first graders, their procedures did not take into consideration the keyboarding skills of at-risk first graders and the possibility that errors related to the learners typing skills reduced the effectiveness of the CAI. External Threats to Validity According to Savage, R., Deault, L., Abrami, P., Hipps, G. (2009), one limitation found on their research regarding a randomized controlled trial study of the ABRACADABRA reading intervention was that students with inferior literacy and associated skills during pretest were more likely not to show up for testing at follow-up. The researchers believed that this is an issue of experimental mortality insinuating that the postponement of posttest outcomes are almost certainly less generalizable to typical reader samples than the more immediate posttest statistics ( Savage, et al., 2009, p. 602). Threats to Construct Validity Bannert (2000) and Van Gog (2005) research study suggested that giving the students control over portions of their instruction allow them to better negotiate the cognitive challenges placed on them as students. They further noted that learner-control participants performed better on a test of transfer than the participants who received no control. Van Gog (2005) hypothesized that over time, improved performance would be visible during training situations along with the capability of the learner to assess and rectify future problematic situations when learners are progressively awarded with more control over their instruction as their skill level intensified. In contrast, Eom and Reiser (2000) revealed that junior high students who were given the opportunity to control their instruction displayed considerably worse performance than those who were not allowed to control their instruction. The same results were reported by several researchers (Farrell and Moore, 2000 and Swaak and de Jong, 2001) who stated that providing students control over their instruction concludes in trivial or insignificant advancement. It may be a case of poor construct definition where a construct may have been mislabeled or defined at a wrong level either too general or too specific. In this case, it is possible that establishing the types of control given to the students will be a crucial factor. Impact of Validity Issues Several validity issues could affect the envisioned research regarding the effectiveness of the type of CAI programs that are currently used as a remediation tool for at-risk students. One limitation is the inclination for technology difficulties because technology can be unpredictable. In accomplishing particular learning objectives, the learning tool such as the software programs used in conjunction with the CAI should be developmentally appropriate. References Bannert, M. (2002). Managing cognitive load recent trends in cognitive load theory. Learning and Instruction, 12, 139-146. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Creswell, J. (2009). Research design (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Coleman-Martin, M., Heller, K., Cihak, D., Irvine, K. (2005). Using computer-assisted instruction and the nonverbal reading approach to teach word identification. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20(2), 80-90. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from EBSCO Host database. Cozby, P. (2009). Methods in behavioral research (10th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Eom, W. Reiser, R. (2000). The effects of self-regulation and instructional control on performance and motivation in computer-based instruction. International Journal of Instructional Media, 27(3), 247-260. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Farrell, I. Moore, D. (2000). The effect of navigation tools on learners achievement and attitude in a hypermedia environment. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 29 (2), 169-181. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Fuchs, L., Fuchs, D., Hamlet, C., Powell, S., Capizzi, A, Seethaler, P. (2006). The effects of computer-assisted instruction on number combination skill in at-risk first graders, 39(5), 467-475. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Savage, R., Deault, L., Abrami, P., Hipps, G. (2009). A randomized controlled trial study of the ABRACADABRA reading intervention program in grade 1, Journal of Educational Psychology. 101(3), 590-604. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Swaak, J. de Jong, T. (2001). Learners vs. system control in using online support for simulation-based discovery learning. Learning Environment Research, 4, 217-241. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Trochim, W., Donnelly, J. (2008). The research methods knowledge base. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Van Gog, T. Ericsson, K. Rikers, R., Paas, F. (2005). Instructional design for advanced learners: Establishing connections between the theoretical framework of cognitive load and deliberate practice. Educational Technology Research and Design, 53(3), 73-81. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Williams, C., Wright, B. Callaghan, G., Coughlan, B. (2002). Do children with autism learn to read more readily by computer-assisted instruction or traditional book method? A pilot study. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 6, 71-91.Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Wong, B. (1991). Learning about learning disabilities. New York: Academic Press.

gatillus Unattainable Illusions in The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Unattainable Illusions in The Great Gatsby      Ã‚  Ã‚   The work of Fitzgerald is the product of the "Jazz" era, a time when all gods had been declared dead, all wars fought, and all faiths in men had been shaken.   Fitzgerald's style is a combination of American idealism and nihilistic pessimism.   In The Great Gatsby, whose originally proposed title was 'Among the Ash-Heaps and Millionaires,' we also find a narrator and style that make moral judgements through the narrator Nick, a constant overseeing moral vision that is symbolized by the ever-watchful "eyes" of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg.   Despite the glittering appearances and material ostentation of West Egg, something is perceived as being not quite right with the conventional American dream and those who achieve it.   Nonetheless Nick opens the novel by remembering his father's advice:   "Reserving judgments is a matter of infinite hope.   I am still a little afraid of missing something if I forget that, as my father snobbishly suggested, and I snobbishly repea t, a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth"   (Fitzgerald   1).    The main character Gatsby, despite the appearance that he has achieved the American dream, is actually a man alone who tries to turn back the clock and win his true love Daisy.   However, despite the glittering parties and material luxuries of Gatsby's world, Fitzgerald's style admits a serious stream of cynicism that is pervasive throughout the novel.   When Daisy tells Nick her baby might be a girl she says "And I hope she'll be a fool-that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool"   (Fitzgerald   17).   This cynicism and world of false appearances are significant to Fitzgerald's style, especially because the author discovered in his own existence that all that glitters is not necessarily gold.   As much as Gatsby loves Daisy, she is far from a paragon of virtue.   As much as Gatsby is admired for his material success only two people attend his funeral.   The cynicism and nihilism in the novel are products of an era that was discovering that even the "American dream" is an illusion.   In Fitzgerald's style this is true even for heroes like Gatsby, a man who is described at the beginning of the novel as being in control of life to the point where he even owns a piece of nature: "Something in his leisurely movements and the secure position of his feet upon the lawn suggested that it was Mr.

Black Women Writers Essay

Early significant analyses of Maud Martha, Gwendolyn Brooks’s only novel moreover release it as an ineffective fiction and/or viewed it as a mere expansion of Brooks’s poetic poetry. Those untimely reviewers, often in evaluations of less than a solitary page, lauded the novel’s â€Å"quiet charm and sparkling delicacy of tone† (Winslow 16) but didn’t comment the irritation and nervousness below the description surface. Latest criticism has centered on the undercurrents of fury and revolution of the character, Maud Martha Brown. This fury boils underneath the exterior of the novel’s 34 vignettes of the apparently ordinary, daily life occurrences of a black woman living in the south side of Chicago in the 1940s. The shift in serious viewpoint of the novel, then, is noticeably dissimilar across cohorts. As Mary Helen Washington declares in â€Å"‘Taming All that Anger Down’: Rage and Silence in Gwendolyn Brooks’s Maud Martha†: â€Å"In 1953 no one seemed prepared to call Maud Martha a novel about bitterness, rage, self-hatred and the silence that results from suppressed anger. No one recognized it as a novel dealing with the very sexism and racism that these reviews enshrined. What the reviewers saw as exquisite lyricism was actually the truncated stuttering of a woman whose rage makes her literally unable to speak† (453). Washington’s divided commentary is one of the first to recognize the protagonist’s irritation and inner rebellion as Brooks interlace them into the tapestry of the novel; Washington distinguish a regular outline of concealed fury and anger during the work. Further grinding the center on one meticulous description conflict in Maud Martha, Harry B. Shaw discovers the title character’s â€Å"War with Beauty,† as he subtitles a milestone essay, depicting the dark-skinned black woman character brawl against Eurocentric paradigms of substantial appearance. Shaw’s article describes the property of this partial, color-conscious scheme on Maud’s mind, and accentuates its role in spawning internal encounter with self-hatred and self-doubt (255-56). While I concur with Washington’s and Shaw’s arguments regarding the psychological battles faced by Brooks’s protagonist, I also find that the conflict and confusion that recapitulate Maud Martha’s life unite into a whole imitation of conjugal epic warfare. This conjugal epic warfare expands past Shaw’s â€Å"war on beauty† and integrates all areas of domestic and ancestral ties. Familial conflict exactly describes Maud Martha’s resistance to acquire and preserve her home and relations with family members as she struggles to keep a sense of individuality within this detain structure. Maud Martha detains the conservative literary epic’s spirit of clash by summarizing the figurative symbol of conjugal conflict as female ambitious with Maud Martha as the hero of her homeland. Like with customary epic, Maud Martha emblematizes the cultural paradigms of a decisive moment in history, enlightening the struggles of post-World War II America to reunite the roles of women, in particular African American women, in the public and private area. Through the course of the novel, Maud Martha fights a war against sexism, classism, and racism to create her identity. Winning this war is of supreme significance and of heroic dimensions at bet for Maud Martha, as delegate woman, is home and family, as well as independence, originality, and self-expression. Mainly during the early 1950s, the time in which Maud Martha was printed and set, the familial realm was one of worry and fluctuation as women toil to balance their roles as wives, mothers, and artists. With World Wars I and II only lately past, and the Korean and Vietnam clash on the horizon, (white) women workers found their roles in culture changing. They had pierced the US workforce during the wartime era, providing the nation with a much-needed font of labor. Yet after the war, the arrival of their male complement forced working (white) women’s return to the residence and to family duties. To battle and frustrate these writing of domesticity, in Maud Martha Brooks sum up a clearly female pattern of symbolic warfare that undermine patriarchal and communal structures, and declare the dominance of new visions of female enlargement and original appearance. To build her epic of family warfare, Brooks utilize such description strategies as prearranged meanings within names, change in narrative voice, and conflations of birth and death descriptions; thus, she threaten and redefines customary description of domesticity, of matrimony, and of maternity. For Brooks these organization twist to sites of group and responsibility for women. She confuse the empire of the domestic beyond a sphere of binary and competing gender functions to critique the roles of men and women in producing and preserve the social arrangement that bound female expansion and to assess how race, class, and gender notify the relation viewpoint of the heroine. Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience Jill Nelson offered the most piercing critique yet on racism at The Washington Post. Nelson, an African-American journalist who was employed at the paper for four years, pleasures the reader with a memoir that’s raw, sharp and amusing; she gladly picks at the scabs of race and sex and class that most writers favor to leave unhurt. For Nelson, repayment is hell, and she pays back – with retaliation, settling some malicious scores with the firm organ that seduced her from freelance writing in New York and then deserted her in the back-stabbing nation’s capital. Nelson gets her defeat in good. Ben Bradlee turns out to be â€Å"a small, gray, crumpled gnome. † Bradlee sheers such inspirational lines as â€Å"I want the fashions [section] to be exciting, new, to portray women who dress with style, like my wife. † Publisher Don Graham is â€Å"a rich kid waiting for his mother to let go of the reins. † Other Posties are uncharitably described as â€Å"weasel-like† and â€Å"mottled, plump, sour-lipped. † But ultimately, is a touching tale of being a black woman in a white and male corporate world – â€Å"voluntary slavery,† she calls it. â€Å"I envy the egotism,† she writes of the Post, â€Å"their intrinsic belief in the value of whatever they’re doing, the complacency that comes from years of simply being Caucasian and, for the really lucky, having a penis. † A core sister who revels in the racy, Nelson explains utilize like having sex with a mortician on his preserve table and the joys of male. Nelson’s attitude about the opposite sex is a simple one: â€Å"One thing I love about men and pussy is that is makes them so predictable. â€Å" Still, it’s race, not sex, which fuels all through it all. Nelson is evermore in search of her own â€Å"authentic Negro experience,† forever at war between her own arrogance in being black and her self-criticism for not being black enough. She writes touchingly of her own exacting family pathos – a brother on crack, a sister eternally immobilized by a drug overdose – and resist with her own guilt at being a part of the black bourgeoisie. But Nelson’s dispute falls short when it comes to clearing up the steamy issue of race at the Washington Post. But Nelson’s spotlight on Barry-bashing at the Post pleads the question: If the paper was so bigoted, why did it go trouble-free on Barry for so long? Nelson doesn’t actually try to answer this question; in its place, much of what she writes is an explanation for the coke-tooting mayor. Nelson declares Barry was only â€Å"supposedly† smoking crack on the well-known FBI videotape; that a female who bear witnessed that Barry enforced her to have sex had it coming; that the Post was â€Å"part of a de facto plot on the part of the U. S. Attorney †¦ to get’ Marion Barry. † But she does reluctantly recognize this: â€Å"Overweight, greasy, usually dripping with sweat, Barry speaks English like it’s his second language. † Bambara’s feisty girls: resistance narratives in Gorilla, My Love – Toni Cade Bambara When Thunder buns, the â€Å"huge and awful matron,† charges the passageway of the movie theater in Toni Cade Bambara’s story â€Å"Gorilla, My Love,† the kids finally â€Å"shut up and watch the simple ass picture† (Gorilla 15). She is the â€Å"decorated† matron, the one the organization lets out â€Å"in case of emergency,† when potato chip bags start igniting and the kids are turning the place out. Thunder buns are the shape of co-opted black power. As such, she set as the dead reverse of Bambara’s spirited, aggressive, no-nonsense young female conversationalist/protagonist of the story, who is variously named, depending on the occasion, â€Å"Scout,† â€Å"Badbird,† â€Å"Miss Muffin,† â€Å"Hazel† (her â€Å"real name†), â€Å"Precious,† and â€Å"Peaches. â€Å" Thunder buns, as her friends call her, emerges in the inset story Hazel tells in â€Å"Gorilla, My Love† to exemplify how adults deceive children. Thunder buns are not truly the agent of disloyalty here, but rather the enforcer of ethnically charged commercial treachery. Hazel and her brothers, Big Brood and Baby Jason, have rewarded their money to see a film called Gorilla, My Love, only to be shown a tattered old brown print of a Jesus movie: â€Å"And I am ready to kill, not because I got anything against Jesus. Just that when you fixed to watch a gorilla picture you don’t want to get messed around with Sunday School stuff† Hazel is briefly silenced by the weight of Thunderbuns’s consequential power, But not for long. With warrior like power her brothers rejecting the call–she rushes into the manager’s office and ask for her money back. She sees his pasty-complexioned condescension. And, in comic foray, she informs us, her reader/intimates, that he is wrong about her authority and ability. She has the full determine of her families ethnically conversant, equally forced, disobedient self-possession behind her. Even as her mother will threaten the teachers at P. S. 186 who dare to â€Å"start playing the dozens behind colored folks†, Hazel will carry on her threats. When the money is not reimbursed, she starts a fire below the candy counter that close up the theater down for a week: â€Å"I mean even gangsters in the movies say my word is my bond. So don’t anybody get away with nothing far as I’m concerned†. The story â€Å"Gorilla, My Love† first emerged in Redbook Magazine in November, 1971, a year after the periodical of Bambara’s path breaking, cherished, and inflammable black feminist anthology The Black Woman. The story itself has a descent, however, dating back to 1959, when Bambara’s first child-narrated short story, â€Å"Sweet Home,† appeared in Vendome magazine. When Bambara was interviewed by Beverly Guy-Sheftall in the mid-seventies, (1) she comment on the prospects for her changeable and authorize girl narrators, whose stories had been emerging all through the sixties and were lastly gathered up on the wings of the success of The Black Woman and published in a collection entitled Gorilla, My Love in 1972: There are certain kinds of feelings that people are very thankful of, people who are tough, but very sympathetic. You put me in any neighborhood, in any city, and I will tend to descend toward that type. The kid in â€Å"Gorilla† (the story as well as that collection) is a kind of person who will stay alive, and she’s successful in her survival. (233) All but four of the fifteen stories in Gorilla, My Love are enclosed by the realization of a child or teenage character; of those, ten are voiced in the first person (2)–with the singular â€Å"I† drawing its energy and power from an implied â€Å"we† of community. When Hazel storms into the manager’s office, then, she is traveling on the strength of more than a decade of such acts of defiant resistance by Bambara’s feisty girls. Bambara calls her â€Å"the kid†Ã¢â‚¬â€œof the story and the whole collection. But in fact there is no particular narrative â€Å"kid† in any dull sense unites the whole collection. Some of the â€Å"I† voices are youngsters; others quite young children, including Hazel herself from the title-story–who is proud to be the guide of her grandfather’s car on the way back from a pecan-gathering journey. But, as she admits, she actually likes the front seat because the pecans variables in the back are scary: There might be a rat prowling somewhere. And she admits to us that she still sleeps with the lights on and blames it on Baby Jason. Still, she is one of the most tough-talking and self-possessed young female voices in American literature. And she shares individuality with the other girl-children in Bambara’s stories of that decade for the laser-like intensity of her ethical cleverness and her ability to distinguish the convolutions of adult hypocrisy. Bambara wrote in a personal narrative entitled â€Å"Salvation Is the Issue† in 1984: What informs my work as I read it–and this is the answer to the regularly lift question about how come my â€Å"children† stories administer to escape being unbearably shy, delightful and sentimental–are the basic givens†¦. One, we are at war. Two, the normal reply to domination, lack of knowledge, wickedness and bewilderment is wide-awake confrontation. Three, the natural reply to pressure and disaster is not collapse and surrender, but alteration and regeneration†¦. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ Maud Martha by Gwendolyn Brooks. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Maud-Martha-Gwendolyn-Brooks/dp/0883780615 †¢ Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience by Jill Nelson. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Volunteer-Slavery-Authentic-Negro-Experience/dp/014023716X †¢ Gorilla, My Love by Toni Cade Bambara. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Gorilla-My-Love-Vintage/dp/0679738983 †¢ African American Literature. Retrieved on December 25. From

Courseworks Essays

Courseworks Essays Courseworks Essay Courseworks Essay Coursework writing with ‘EssayWorks’ is a wise decision In the academic sessions, students get a number of writing tasks which is related to their courses and subject. These tasks are usually termed as coursework. These tasks are required to be completed within the length of course sessions. Students encounter these common coursework writing from high-school till university level. These tasks might be a small analysis, short essays or even explanation of certain concepts, but they acquires a huge weight-age in the final score of the course, as sometimes your poor score in the final exam could be compensated with these small coursework marks. The amount of research and the degree of detailing differs from topic to topic and academic level. As the frequency of complexity and extend of exploration in high-school writing tasks varies with the post-graduate level assignments. As these coursework writing assignments are designed to assess the specific learning objectives of the courses, so it’s more precise in its writings structure as compare to the general essay writing. More specific concepts and models should be included in its composition to keep it align with the learned theories during class session. They are designed by the course teachers; hence the parameters for evaluation have also been set by them, which vary with different instructors.

Agm Case Analysis Essays

Agm Case Analysis Essays Agm Case Analysis Essay Agm Case Analysis Essay A593 Case Discussions Agm. com (A) 1. What were the factors that caused actual quarterly income to be less than budgeted ? What was the quantitative effect of each of these factors ? 1) Sales Variance: 40,800 negative effect ? 2) Marketing Administrative costs : $ 45,000 negative effect 3) Labor Cost : $13,316 *For details please refer to exhibit 1 2. For which of these factors, if any, should Marelie be held responsible ? Strike is force majule, but Marelie does not prepare backup server in case of trouble. Can be Maries responsibility Sales forecast: OVAL market analysis was not enough. ROUND and SQUARE sales are almost within the budget in spite of shutdown, while OVAL is not. Both Board and Marelie should be held responsible. Labor cost increase: Uncontrolable, basically there was a limit to what Marelie could have done to handle this issue. Maybe she could have done a better job to predict changes in the labor market, but still there was a limit to what she could have done. Marketing and Administrative cost: Too much add on. The amount added is not only because shutdown damage but because start up stage needs a lot of ads to penetrate the market. The campaign giving free shipment to customers who bought more than $100 also increased logistics cost. Board (Marketing) and Marelie. 3. Should the target for the bonus be changed to reflect these factors ? explain. The target for bonus should be adjusted to take into account factors that Marelie had no or limited control over. Factors such as changes in wage or, sales decrease due to server shut down, were basically uncontrollable factors. There are limits to what Marelie could have done to prevent these issues, and hence such effects should be considered to adjust a new target budget.

Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation Research Paper - 1

Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation - Research Paper Example   In his article, Lepper, and corpus involved seven hundred and ninety-seven third-grade participants to the learners at the eighth grade from two different schools from the San Francisco district around the California’s Bay Area. In the first district, the study included 577 participants, from large urban region, whereas the second district constituted about 220 participants in the suburban area identified for great performance in academics. Generally, the subjects that were selected in this study were divided equally across the different grading levels starting from grade three to grad. The number of the female participants were equal to that of the male participants with one of the participants not providing his sex details. The total population sample was made up of Asian Americans (42%), African Americans (2%), Caucasian (34%), Hispanic (5%), and children from different ethnic groups (10). The Chinese, and the Indian America, Japanese American, Korean American, Filipino American, and Vietnamese American,were identified as Asian subjects. During the study Lepper, and corpus used a questionnaire as a tool for collecting data. Questionnaires together with separate indices of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, and the vital questions of demography on age, sex, and ethnicity were given to the participants after obtaining the consent from their parents in the classrooms of participating. For the participants from the second district, the social desirability measure was taken into consideration in the questionnaire.  

Smokers in Engineering Classes vs. Liberal Arts Classes Statistics Project

Smokers in Engineering Classes vs. Liberal Arts Classes - Statistics Project Example This is the best platform used to ask them their class and if they have a smoking habit. A lot of information gathered was taken from the gym and the field where most students seem to freely interact with their classes. If more students with or without a smoking habit go to the gym then we may have a conclusion that the class has more students who smoke than the other one. We decided to test the claims that less than 80% of college students smoke in engineering classes and less than 60% of students smoke in liberal arts classes and that students in liberal arts classes smoke more than engineering students did. This pertains to the economy because finding extra coins to smoke is hard and the costs of attaining college classes are rising because of the cost of living (Lejuez, 180). The survey undertook a population of 56 males and 45 females from each class to find out whether or not they have a smoking habit. While collecting the data there were some shortcomings in that not most students attend the gym and so the data collected might not be 100% accurate. The other shortcomings some students were already at school while others were working. Even though the data and the result collected may not be accurate, interview as a method of collecting data has appeared as the most appropriate method of collection of data. This is because it gives you a direct systematic conversation between the interviewer and the respondent, therefore, giving you the ability to judge if the information is relevant or not. The research design will adopt descriptive statistics that is it will summarize the quantities gathered by use of tables and pie charts to arrive at the findings and inferential statistics that is the estimation of the parameters and testing of statistical hypothesis. According to the data collected, it can be seen that 58.93% of the males in Engineering classes  smoke while they are still in college and that 41.07% of students in liberal Arts classes smoke while still in school.