Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Philosopher and Mathematician

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a prominent German philosopher and mathematician. Though Leibniz was a polymath who contributed many works to many different fields, he is best known for his contributions to math, in which he invented differential and integral calculus independently of Sir Isaac Newton. In philosophy, Leibniz is known for his contributions on a wide range of subjects, including â€Å"optimism†Ã¢â‚¬â€the idea that the current world is the best of all possible worlds, and was created by a freely thinking God who chose this for a good reason. Fast Facts: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Known For: Philosopher and mathematician known for a number of important contributions to mathematics and philosophy, such as the modern binary system, a widely used calculus notation, and the idea that everything exists for a reason.Born: July 1, 1646 in Leipzig, GermanyDied: November 14, 1716 in Hanover, GermanyParents: Friedrich Leibniz and Catharina SchmuckEducation: Leipzig University, University of Altdorf, University of Jena Early Life and Career Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born in Leipzig, Germany on July 1, 1646 to Friedrich Leibniz, a professor of moral philosophy, and Catharina Schmuck, whose father was a law professor. Though Leibniz attended elementary school, he was mostly self-taught from the books in his father’s library (who had died in 1652 when Leibniz was six). While young, Leibniz immersed himself in history, poetry, math, and other subjects, gaining knowledge in many different fields. In 1661, Leibniz, who was 14, began studying law at the University of Leipzig and was exposed to the works of thinkers such as Renà © Descartes, Galileo, and Francis Bacon. While there, Leibniz also attended summer school at the University of Jena, where he studied mathematics. In 1666, he finished his law studies and applied to become a doctorate student in law at Leipzig. Because of his young age, however, he was refused the degree. This caused Leibniz to leave the University of Leipzig and earn the degree the following year at the University of Altdorf, whose faculty were so impressed with Leibniz that they invited him to become a professor despite his youth. Leibniz, however, declined and opted instead to pursue a career in public service. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. United States public domain Leibniz’s Tenure in Frankfurt and Mainz, 1667-1672 In 1667, Leibniz entered the service of the Elector of Mainz, who tasked him to help revise the Corpus Juris—or body of laws—of the electorate. During this time, Leibniz also worked to reconcile Catholic and Protestant parties and encouraged Christian European countries to work together to conquer non-Christian lands, instead of waging war on each other. For example, if France left Germany alone, then Germany could help France in conquering Egypt. Leibniz’s action was inspired by France’s king Louis XIV, who seized some German towns in Alsace-Lorraine in 1670. (This â€Å"Egyptian Plan† would be ultimately passed on, although Napoleon unwittingly used a similar plan over a century later.) Paris, 1672-1676 In 1672, Leibniz went to Paris to discuss these ideas more, staying there until 1676. While at Paris, he met a number of mathematicians like Christiaan Huygens, who made many discoveries in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and horology. Leibniz’s interest in mathematics has been credited to this period of travel. He quickly advanced in the subject, figuring out the core of some of his ideas on calculus, physics, and philosophy. Indeed, in 1675 Leibniz figured out the foundations of integral and differential calculus independently from Sir Isaac Newton. In 1673, Leibniz also made a diplomatic trip to London, where he showed a calculating machine that he had developed called the Stepped Reckoner, which could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. In London, he also became a fellow of the Royal Society, an honor awarded to individuals who have made substantial contributions to science or math. Hanover, 1676-1716 In 1676, upon the death of the Elector of Mainz, Leibniz moved to Hanover, Germany, and was placed in charge of the library of the Elector of Hanover. It Hanover—the place that would serve as his residence for the rest of his life—Leibniz wore many hats. For instance, he served as a mining engineer, an advisor, and a diplomat. As a diplomat, he continued to push for the reconciliation of the Catholic and Lutheran churches in Germany by writing papers that would resolve the views of both Protestants and Catholics. The last part of Leibniz’s life was plagued by controversy—with the most notable being in 1708, when Leibniz was accused of plagiarizing Newton’s calculus despite having developed the math independently. Leibniz died in Hanover on November 14, 1716. He was 70 years old. Leibniz never married, and his funeral was only attended by his personal secretary. Legacy Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany. Moment Editorial / Getty Images Leibniz was considered a great polymath and he made many important contributions to philosophy, physics, law, politics, theology, math, psychology, and other fields. He may be most well known, however, for some of his contributions to math and philosophy. When Leibniz died, he had written between 200,000 to 300,000 pages and more than 15,000 letters of correspondence to other intellectuals and important politicians—including many notable scientists and philosophers, two German emperors, and Tsar Peter the Great. Contributions to Math Modern Binary System Leibniz invented the modern binary system, which uses the symbols 0 and 1 to represent numbers and logical statements. The modern binary system is integral to the functioning and operation of computers, even though Leibniz discovered this system a few centuries prior to the invention of the first modern computer. It should be noted, however, that Leibniz did not discover binary numbers themselves. Binary numbers were already used, for example, by the ancient Chinese, whose use of binary numbers was acknowledged in Leibniz’s paper that introduced his binary system (â€Å"Explanation of Binary Arithmetic,† which was published in 1703). Calculus Leibniz developed a complete theory of integral and differential calculus independently of Newton, and was the first one to publish on the subject (1684 as opposed to Newton’s 1693), though both thinkers seem to have developed their ideas at the same time. When the Royal Society of London, whose president at the time was Newton, decided who developed calculus first, they gave credit for the discovery of calculus to Newton, while credit for the publication on calculus went to Leibniz. Leibniz was also accused of plagiarizing Newton’s calculus, which left a permanent negative mark on his career. Leibniz’s calculus differed from Newton’s mainly in notation. Interestingly, many students of calculus today have come to prefer Leibniz’s notation. For example, many students today use â€Å"dy/dx† to indicate a derivative of y with respect to x, and an â€Å"S†-like symbol to indicate an integral. Newton, on the other hand, placed a dot over a variable, like á º , to indicate a derivative of y with respect to s, and did not have a consistent notation for integration. Matrices Leibniz also rediscovered a method of arranging linear equations into arrays or matrices, which makes manipulating those equations much easier. A similar method had first been discovered by Chinese mathematicians years earlier, but had fallen into abandonment. A statue of Leibniz at Leipzig University. claudiodivizia / Getty Images. Contributions to Philosophy Monads and Philosophy of Mind In the 17th century, Renà © Descartes put forward the notion of dualism, in which the non-physical mind was separate from the physical body. This sparked the question of how exactly the mind and body are related to one another. In response, some philosophers said that the mind could only be explained in terms of physical matter. Leibniz, on the other hand, believed that the world is made of â€Å"monads,† which are not made of matter. Each monad, in turn, has its own individual identity, as well as its own properties that determine how they are perceived. The monads, furthermore, are arranged by God—who is also a monad—to be together in perfect harmony. This laid down Leibniz’s views on optimism. Optimism Leibniz’s most famous contribution to philosophy may be â€Å"optimism,† the idea that the world we live in—which encompasses everything that exists and has existed—is the â€Å"best of all possible worlds.† The idea is based on the assumption that God is a good and rational being, and has considered many other worlds in addition to this one before choosing this one to come into existence. Leibniz explained evil by stating that it may result in a greater good, even if an individual experiences negative consequences. He further believed that everything existed for a reason. And humans, with their limited viewpoint, cannot see the greater good from their restricted vantage point. Leibniz’s ideas were popularized by the French writer Voltaire, who did not agree with Leibniz that humans are living in the â€Å"best of all possible worlds.† Voltaire’s satirical book Candide ridicules this notion by introducing the character Pangloss, who believes that everything is for the best despite all of the negative things going on in the world. Sources Garber, Daniel. â€Å"Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716).† Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/leibniz-gottfried-wilhelm-1646-1716/v-1.Jolley, Nicholas, editor. The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz. Cambridge University Press, 1995.Mastin, Luke. â€Å"17th Century Mathematics - Leibniz.† The Story of Mathematics, Storyofmathematics.com, 2010, www.storyofmathematics.com/17th_leibniz.html.Tietz, Sarah. â€Å"Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm.† ELS, Oct. 2013.

Shawshank Redemption Themes - 800 Words

Frank Darabont directed The Shawshank Redemption and wrote the screenplay based on the novel Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption by author Stephen King. The movie was made in 1994 and produced by Niki Marvin. The movie stars Morgan Freeman and Tim Robbins as two convicts serving time in a New England prison named Shawshank. Tim Robbins plays a man named Andy Dufresne, a banker, who gets convicted of murdering his wife and her lover and is sent to prison in Shawshank. Andy eventually becomes good friends with a fellow convict by the name of Ellis Boyd Redding(Morgan Freeman) who is able to get anything for anyone within reason. The story follows the prison life of Andy Dufresne and his eventual escape from Shawshanks walls. The elements†¦show more content†¦The climax within this movie is disguised until the last scenes, constantly building suspense for the viewer and drawing the viewer in. Narrated by the prisoner, Red, played by Morgan Freeman, the film expounded upon ch aracters from a unique point of view. By having Red narrate, the audience quickly identifies with the prisoners, there are certain common traits that the characters and audience share that produce sympathy for the incarcerated criminals. Overall, Darabont uses affective methods of filming, causing the audience to feel Andy Dufresne desperation, sense of hopelessness, and finally his exaltation after escaping from prison. The Shawshank Redemption is an excellent depiction of a prisoner’s sense of despondency and extreme determination to overcome any given situation. Each aspect of this film was essential for the outcome, and the reason for its success. 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Liberty Coun 501 Ethics Comparison Free Essays

Ethics Codes Comparison Paper H Michele Wallach Liberty University Online Abstract These publications regarding ethics, American Counseling Association: Code of Ethics (2005) and the American Association of Christian Counseling: Code of Ethics (2004), are available as a reference for use. The purpose of this paper is to compare general and specific elements of the two publications. There are two areas of general exploration: 1) relation to their format for retrieval of specific data, 2) their value or standards basis, if any, from which the publications are written. We will write a custom essay sample on Liberty Coun 501 Ethics Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now More specifically three specific areas will be compared. First, the area of informed consent as it relates to the client and the counselor. Second, codes relating to conduct for relationships with former clients. Third and lastly, is how each of the publications relates to the issue of abortion. Limitations were evident in that many codes do not offer rationale. Future review of revisions would be an effective part of knowledge to use of both publications. The field of professional counseling provides for occasions for the counselor to make decisions based on professional ethics. Ethics can be commonly derived from one’s own values. In order to create a more consistent standard codes of ethics have been published. Two of these publications will be used in this paper: 1) American Counseling Association (ACA): Code of Ethics (2005), 2) American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC): Code of Ethics (2004). Whereas these organizations are based on different ideals, a general comparison will be made. Inasmuch as revisions are ongoing, this paper will review several that were revised in the latest publication, as highlighted in the article New Mandates and Imperatives in the Revised ACA Code of Ethics. (2009) Section I: General comparison of the two codes The ACA: Code of Ethics (2005) and the AACC: Code of Ethics (2004), each offer a logical breakdown of codes referring to situations of an ethical nature and is presented in a format that is easily referenced by both the seasoned professional and the novice. The design and layout of the ACA: Code of Ethics is laid out with color and graphics and written very formally, giving a tone of legal-ease. The ACA: Code of Ethics codes section is formatted in columns, suggesting the style of a quick access guide. The ACA: Code of Ethics codes are set up in sections with the first level header served by an upper case alphabet letter in chronological order, broken down further by a numerical value in chronological order, and then finally sub-divided once more by a lower case alphabet letter in chronological order. The AACC: Code of Ethics is laid out in a streamlined fashion and executed with a professional vernacular tone. The AACC: Code of Ethics has no color or specialty graphics adorning its pages and the codes section pages are laid out in a full page format without the use of columns. The AACC: Code of Ethics codes are set up in sections with the first level header served by and upper case Roman numeral, the next level is led by the upper case letters of the first two words of the section followed by a numerical value, with no spaces, the section is further sub-divided into numerical values carrying three place values (i. . 100,101, etc. ) in chronological order. At this level, within each section, when a new sub-topic started the numeric value will move to the ten’s place chronologically. Is this important? Absolutely, it is the virtual road map to referencing where information can be found. Although the description here is in generalities, it is to the advantage of the counselin g professional to gain a working understanding of the layout. Understanding the way reference material is filed will assist the user immensely. Another structured piece of these publications explains why the reference has been constructed and written the way that is has. Each of the references being compared contains similar information and some of the perspectives overlap in many places AACC: Code of Ethics (2004) ACA: Code of Ethics (2005). The preliminary information in each publication, prior to the code of ethics, offers similarities. They both offer a preamble, mission, and a purpose for use. The ACA: Code of Ethics (2005) publication moves directly into the codes at this point. p 3) Whereas, the AACC: Code of Ethics (2004) offers a prayer and seven Biblical-ethical foundations, on which their codes of ethics were founded. (p 4, 5) Section II: Specific comparison of three particular areas Specific codes of each publication offer different interpretations of the same practices. The practice of informed consent according to the ACA: Code of Ethics (2005) is that it is the counselor’s responsibility to give a writt en and verbal account for the rights and responsibilities of the counselor and the client. This responsibility even extends to cover the inclusion of an interpreter where it is deemed necessary. The practice of informed consent according to the AACC: Code of Ethics (2004) is that it is the counselor’s responsibility to â€Å"take care† that the client has the â€Å"capacity†, â€Å"reasonably understands† and â€Å"freely gives consent† to the nature, process, costs, time, work, limits of the counseling and appropriate alternatives. All of this must be done without â€Å"coercion or undue influence†. (p 10, 11) The next set of codes differs greatly due in part by the influence of Biblical standards. The code in ACA: Code of Ethics (2005) is defined as â€Å"Former Clients† (p 5) the code references only sexual and romantic interests of the former client and counselor. There is no mention of marriage. The code also extends to include â€Å"former clients, their romantic partners, or their family members†. The code simply states that the counselor cannot have professional contact with the client within 5 years before or after a relationship. The counselor must also â€Å"demonstrate forethought and document†, in writing, the possibilities of exploitation, or potential harm to the former client. If either of these elements is present, then the counselor avoids the interaction or relationship. The code is AACC: Code of Ethics (2004) is defined as â€Å"Marriage with Former Clients/Patients† and the stipulations are explained that this type of relationship is allowed with three provisions. p 8) First, the counseling sessions had to have been terminated without the influence of a relationship or potential relationship, also within the proper guidelines of termination as defined in the AACC: code of ethics guidelines. Secondly, the client must understand unequivocally that any further counseling must be by someone other than the counselor-spouse. Thirdly, there must be no harm to the client or the client’s family as a result in the change of the relationship between the client and the counselor. Lastly, the counseling or helping relationship must be terminated at least two calendar years prior to marriage. There are occasions where an ethical standard is addressed by the AACC: Code of Ethics (2004) and not addressed at all by the ACA: Code of Ethics (2005). The AACC: Code of Ethics speaks specifically to the responsibility of the counselor to offer all possible alternatives and not to give any narrative of consent to an abortion. It also advises the counselor to continue to serve the client regardless of their decision regarding the pregnancy. The ACA: Code of Ethics does not address abortion specifically. There are areas of the code that speak to the issue in a general manner. The areas to be considered are: a) does the decision to have an abortion have any relation to the client’s personal culture: b) the counselor’s own â€Å"values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors† will need to be carefully guarded as to not be imposed on the client (p 4): and c) are the decisions the client is facing within the competency of the counselor to help guide the client. As in any client’s case being reviewed by a counselor or counseling group all of these elements must be weighed out, as well as some that may not have been discussed in this paper. The ACA: Code of Ethics (2005) is written and adapted based on an ever-changing world. The AACC: Code of Ethics is based on unchanging Biblical standards. It stands to reason that if an individual adheres to the AACC: Code of Ethics that a standard of consistency is more likely to be seen, due to the unchanging nature of the Bible. A Christian counselor may find both publications to be very useful. In the same way a non-Christian will probably have absolutely no use for the AACC: Code of Ethics (2004). No matter what an individual’s faith-related position is, as a professional counselor, it is the highest priority to first â€Å"do no harm† ACA: Code of Ethics (2005), and AACC: Code of Ethics (2004). The very cornerstone of helping people through counseling requires that the counselor make a deliberate treatment plan to do no harm. With that understanding, it is the responsibility of the professional counselor to employ and explore whatever empirical resources are available to execute such a plan. References American Association of Christian Counselors: Code of Ethics. (2004). American Association of Christian Counselors A ». Retrieved August 23, 2012, from http://www. aacc. net/about-us/code-of-ethics/ American Counseling Association: Code of Ethics. (2005). Ethics |http://www. counseling. org/CP/CT2. aspx|. Retrieved August 23, 2012, from http://www. counseling. org/Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/Home/CT2. aspx New Mandates and Imperatives in the Revised ACA Code of Ethics. (2009). Journal of Counseling Development, 87(2), 241-256. How to cite Liberty Coun 501 Ethics Comparison, Essay examples

Emotional Appeals free essay sample

Advertisements Do advertisements manipulate the public? Advertisers use certain â€Å"Emotional Appeals† on advertisements; to captivate and provoke a sudden impulse on the consumer to buy the product. The sole purpose of this essay is to prove that advertisements do manipulate people. This is an advertisement of a piece of garment, but not just any garment it is a reviling swim suit from Michael Michael Kors. In the advertisement there is a slim, long legged woman wearing the swim suit; the setting is in an elevator it seems that the woman is stepping out of the elevator that is full of business men.As she is leaving the elevator she is grabbing the men’s attention. Here the advertiser is using one of the many appeals in this case the one being used is the â€Å"Need for Attention†. This advertisement is stating buy the swim suit to look as slim and long legged as the model in the ad; it also magnifies that by using this swim suit it will be easy to grab any man’s attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional Appeals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, not every customer that purchases this garment is going to look as close to the model in the ad. We live in a diverse society where every woman has a different shape and size.This advertisement is targeting to the customers who long for men’s attention. The second advertisement is a Biore cleanser product for the face. This product claims it removes 99% of dirt that cause blemishes. The ad has a close up of a pretty girls face. Half of her face is clean and smooth as for her other half it is cover with dirt and oils. The half of her face that is full of dirt has bold letterings that state â€Å"When you clean your face, be sure to get it really clean. † Aesthetic is the emotional appeal being used in this ad.Women all over the world want to always look their best; that is why many women purchase products that claim cleaner, smoother, and younger looking skin. Ads that sell aesthetic products make it seem that the product is not a want, but a need and necessity. The third advertisement is a Galaxy S cell phone by Samsung. This ad has a graphic design of a person’s hand. On the palm of that person’s hand, there is a silhouette of the phone. In the phone there is an image of a car being chase by the police. The ad gives a bird’s eye view of the product.On the bottom of the image there are lettering introducing the product to the market. The words that stand out are the ones that are on top of the page which says, â€Å"Brilliant is a screen that makes cinema quality entertainment mobile†. In other words they are stating by purchasing this phone the customer will have a cinema at his or her finger tips at his or her disposal. Here the emotional appeal being used to persuade the public is the need for autonomy. The need for autonomy is the need to feel independent. What this ad is saying is do not just be independent have some integrity to.Purchasing a phone may give the customer momentary happiness, but it does not make him or her independent. The last advertisement is a fragrance for women the brand is â€Å"Love Express†. In the ad we have a, tall, slim, beautiful, blond woman wearing a well fitted pink dress. She is surrounded by three good looking men. One of the guys is on his knees looking up into her face while stroking her leg. The guy on her left is just by her side and the men on her right side, his face is close to her neck with his eyes close. It seem as though he is taking in the smell of the fragrance.Here the advertisers are luring in the public with the need to affiliate. This is the need to belong or fit in. The public lets advertisers cloud their judgment. By buying this product it does not guarantee you a sense of belonging into a crowed. The public must keep in mind that the product does not define the character of a person, what define us are our own actions. Overall, it is shocking to realize that advertisements use these types of tactics to tug at the emotions of the public. Clearly the information given here is enough evidence to confirm that consumers are being manipulated into purchasing certain products.